• Prof. Dr. Hartmut Wiggers, Institute for Combustion and Gasdynamics – Nanoparticle Synthesis, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen
• Jun.-Prof. Dr. Kai Exner, Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen
• Dr. Viktor Colic, Electrochemistry for Energy Conversion, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion
• Prof. Dr. Markus Stricker, Materials Informatics and Data Science, ICAMS Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation
• Dr. Volker Peinecke, Department Electrochemical Components, The hydrogen and fuel cell center ZBT GmbH
• Dipl.-Ing. Bernd Oberschachtsiek, Department Electrolysis and Batteries, The hydrogen and fuel cell center ZBT GmbH
• Dr.-Ing. Lars Banko, Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
• Dr.-Ing. Jan Menser, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Reactive Fluids, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg‐Essen
• Dr.-Ing. Irenäus Wlokas, Fluid Dynamics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Duisburg‐Essen

• Prof. Nigel Brandon OBE FREng FRS, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
• Prof. Jawwad Darr, Clean Materials Technology Group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences, University College London, United Kingdom
• Prof. Lior Elbaz, Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Israel
• Earl L. V. GoetheerDepartment of Process and Energy Systems, Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, The Netherlands
• Prof. Jason Hattrick‐Simpers, Ph.D., AUTOnomous DIscovery of ALloys (AUTODIAL), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada
• Guido Huyberechts, FLAMAC, a division of SIM, Gent, Belgium
• Prof. Dr. Jochen Lauterbach, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, USA
• Prof. Dr. Radenka Maric, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, USA
• Prof. Dr. Marc Robert, Reactivity and Catalysis using electron transfers, Chemistry Department, Université de Paris, France
• Prof. Dr. Jan Rossmeisl, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
• Prof. Elena Savinova, Institut de chimie et procédés pour l’énergie, l’environnement et la santé (ICPEES), Université de Strasbourg, France
• Prof. Ichiro Takeuchi, Ph.D., Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Maryland Energy Innovation Institute, University of Maryland, USA
• Prof. Dr. Ruud van Ommen, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
• Prof. Iryna Zenyuk, Ph.D., National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, USA
• Prof. Plamen Atanassov, Ph.D., National Fuel Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, USA

P1 uses high-throughput calculations and combinatorial synthesis of thin film libraries for the discovery of high-entropy oxides in spinel and perovskite crystal structures.
After synthesis by reactive co-sputtering, the fabricated films are analysed using high-throughput methods for their chemical compositions, phase constitution and functional properties (electrical and electrochemical properties).
The identified most promising compositions („hits“) are transferred to the other projects for up-scaling. P1 interacts strongly with P5 on implementing materials informatics methods to accelerate the discovery and optimisation processes.

High-throughput materials analysis proved highly valuable for many fields in science and technology. However, this approach is to date completely absent in the field of gas-phase synthesis of functional materials – despite the importance of these methods to be scalable to industrial scale. The objective of P2 is to design and establish a bespoke facility for gas-phase nanoparticle synthesis that enables automated operation, closed-loop control based on in situ optical sensing, and rapid materials sampling. One important aspect is the development and implementation of systems for rapid materials sampling and inline detection as well as the automated harvesting of materials samples for ex situ analysis and downstream processing in P3. The materials selection to be investigated in P2 will be informed by the input from P1 and the complex data handling and analysis will be supported by P5.

In this joint project, the University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute for Combustion and Gas Dynamics – Particle Science and Technology (UDE) and Ruhr University Bochum provide scalable electrodes made of nanoparticles and 2D materials for energy applications. Our mission focuses on the characterization, functionalization, and formulation of functional powders into inks and pastes with subsequent large-scale coating or direct deposition on substrates for sustainable technologies such as fuel cells and electrolyzers. The generated and – in terms of structure and composition – well parameterized electrodes are delivered to P4, where they will be tested in terms of functionality according to the objective of this project.

With potential catalysts and electrode structures in hand, the transfer of found materials is of utmost importance to enable rapid increase of their technology readiness level (TRL) and a potential use in any application. Thus, in a holistic approach, scaling by material tests to the half- and full-cell level as well as the establishment of concepts for test automation will be performed. An important aim herein is to link basic catalyst properties obtained from simple electrochemical tests to electrode assemblies at industrial performance level. This procedure will allow us to rapidly implement high performance electrodes with new catalyst materials, establish knowledge-based design strategies for this task and test them at industrial relevant levels. This will ultimately speed up the development chain from the materials design of new electrocatalysts to full scale electrolyzer systems.

Development of a research data exchange platform for all projects involved in DIMENSION and the application of machine-learning models to advance the discovery of materials for energy conversion at different system levels.

The typical chain of discovery of active materials is frequently linear in the sense that a set of candidate materials is investigated computationally with the most promising lead compounds being subsequently tested for activity, stability and scalability. The linearity of these tests might lead to an exclusion of compounds that are not top-level for a given property but prove to be top-performers in later stages. The materials discovery can hence be regarded as a highly non-linear optimization problem, with an adaptable objective function.

To leverage information of experimental results gained at all individual stages of the project, a research data exchange platform needs to be developed that ensures the interoperability of the heterogenous experimental and computational data. This requires experience and knowledge of principles in data semantics and ontology applied to real-world data. This platform will then be the basis for machine learning models that guide computations and experiments upstream and downstream to find suitable materials for energy conversion more efficiently, thereby overcoming the linearity of the process.

• Jaster, T., Albers, S., Leonhard, A., Kräenbring, M.-A., Lohmann, H., Zeidler-Fandrich, B., Özcan, F., Segets, D., Apfel, U.-P.: Enhancement of CO 2 RR product formation on Cu-ZnO-based electrodes by varying ink formulation and post-treatment methods. J. Phys. Energy. 5, 2, 024001 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/acb8db
• Pellumbi, K., Krisch, D., Sun, H., Sanden, S., Hoof, L., Messing, L., junge Puring, K., Siegmund, D., Schöfberger, W., Apfel, U.-P.: Ultra-low Ag Loadings for CO2 Reduction via Tailored Molecular Electrocatalysts. Res. Sq. (2023). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2353282/v1
• Kleinhaus, J.T., Wolf, J., Pellumbi, K., Wickert, L., Viswanathan, S.C., junge Puring, K., Siegmund, D., Apfel, U.-P.: Developing electrochemical hydrogenation towards industrial application. Chem. Soc. Rev., 52, 7305-7332 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3CS00419H
• Pellumbi, K., Wolf, J., Viswanathan, S.C., Wickert, L., Kräenbring, M.-A., Kleinhaus, J.T., junge Puring, K., Özcan, F., Segets, D., Apfel, U.-P., Siegmund, D.: Both sides matter: anode configurations alter the activity of electrolyzers for organic hydrogenations. RSC Sustain., 1, 631-639 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3SU00043E
• Mikula, A., Dabrowa, J., Kubowicz, M., Cieslak, J., Lach, W., Kozusznik, M., Smialkowski, M., Apfel, U.-P.: Synthesis, properties and catalytic performance of the novel, pseudo-spinel, multicomponent transitionmetal selenides. J. Mater. Chem. A, 11, 5337-5349 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA09401K
• Thelen, F., Banko, L., Zehl, R., Baha, S., Ludwig, A.: Speeding up high-throughput characterization by active learning: autonomous electrical resistance measurements. Digital Discovery, 2, 1612-1619 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1039/D3DD00125C
• Pellumbi, K., Wickert, L, Kleinhaus, J.T., Wolf, J., Leonard, A., Tetzlaff, D., Goy, R., Medlock, J.A., Puring, K. junge, Cao, R., Siegmund, D., Apfel, U.P.: Opening the pathway towards a scalable electrochemical semi-hydrogenation of alkynols via earth-abundant metal chalcogenides. Chem. Sci., 13, 12461-12468 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SC04647D
• Mikula, A., Kubowicz, M., Mazurkow, J., Mars, K., Smialkowski, M., Apfel, U.-P., Radecka, M.: Tailoring the electrocatalytic activity of multicomponent (Co,Fe,Ni)9S8-xSex pentlandite solid electrodes. J. Mater. Chem. A, 11, 7526-7538 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1039/D2TA08893B
• Razzaq, S., Exner, K.S.: Statistical analysis of breaking scaling relation in the oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochimica Acta. 412, 140125 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140125
• Löffler, T., Ludwig, A., Rossmeisl, J., Schuhmann, W.: What Makes High-Entropy Alloys Exceptional Electrocatalysts? Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60, 52, 26894-26903 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202109212
• Pedersen, J.K., Clausen, C.M., Krysiak, O.A., Xiao, B., Batchelor, T.A.A., Löffler, T., Mints, V.A., Banko, L., Arenz, M., Savan, A., Schuhmann, W., Ludwig, A., Rossmeisl, J.: Bayesian Optimization of High-Entropy Alloy Compositions for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction**. Angewandte Chemie. 133, 45, 24346-24354 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.202108116
• Quast, T., Varhade, S., Saddeler, S., Chen, Y., Andronescu, C., Schulz, S., Schuhmann, W.: Single Particle Nanoelectrochemistry Reveals the Catalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of Co ₃ O ₄ Nanocubes. Angew Chem Int Ed. 60, 43, 23444-23450 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202109201
• Sikdar, N., Junqueira, J.R.C., Dieckhöfer, S., Quast, T., Braun, M., Song, Y., Aiyappa, H.B., Seisel, S., Weidner, J., Öhl, D., Andronescu, C., Schuhmann, W.: A Metal-Organic Framework derived Cu _x O _y C _z Catalyst for Electrochemical CO ₂ Reduction and Impact of Local pH Change. Angew Chem Int Ed. 60, 43, 23427-23434 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202108313
• Bapat, S., Giehl, C., Kohsakowski, S., Peinecke, V., Schäffler, M., Segets, D. : On the state and stability of fuel cell catalyst inks. Advanced Powder Technology. 32, 10, 3845-3859 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.08.030
• Tetzlaff, D., Pellumbi, K., Puring, K. junge, Siegmund, D., Polet, W.S.K., Checinski, M.P., Apfel, U.-P. : Influence of the Fe : Ni Ratio in Fe _x Ni _9-x S ₈ (x=3-6) on the CO ₂ Electroreduction. ChemElectroChem. 8, 16, 3161-3167 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202100930
• Nikman, S., Zhao, D., Gonzalez-Perez, V., Hoster, H. E., Mertens, S.F.L.: Surface or bulk? Real-time manganese dissolution detection in a lithium-ion cathode. Electrochimica Acta. 386, 138373 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138373
• Tetteh, E.B., Banko, L., Krysiak, O.A., Löffler, T., Xiao, B., Varhade, S., Schumacher, S., Savan, A., Andronescu, C., Ludwig, A., Schuhmann, W.: Zooming-in – Visualization of active site heterogeneity in high entropy alloy electrocatalysts using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy. Electrochemical Science Advances. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202100105
• Krysiak, O.A., Schumacher, S., Savan, A., Schuhmann, W., Ludwig, A., Andronescu, C. : Searching novel complex solid solution electrocatalysts in unconventional element combinations. Nano Res. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-021-3637-z
• Ferrari, A., Lysogorskiy, Y., Drautz, R. : Design of refractory compositionally complex alloys with optimal mechanical properties. Physical Review Materials. 5, 6, 063606 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.5.063606
• Exner, K.S. : Why the optimum thermodynamic free-energy landscape of the oxygen evolution reaction reveals an asymmetric shape. Materials Today Energy. 21, 100831 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtener.2021.100831
• Exner, K.S. : Why the breaking of the OOH versus OH scaling relation might cause decreased electrocatalytic activity. Chem Catalysis. 1, 2, 258–271 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.checat.2021.06.011
• Siegmund, D., Metz, S., Peinecke, V., Warner, T.E., Cremers, C., Grevé, A., Smolinka, T., Segets, D., Apfel, U.-P. : Crossing the Valley of Death: From Fundamental to Applied Research in Electrolysis. JACS Au. 1, 5, 527-535 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.1c00092
• Song, Y., Junqueira, J.R.C., Sikdar, N., Öhl, D., Dieckhöfer, S., Quast, T., Seisel, S., Masa, J., Andronescu, C., Schuhmann, W.: B-Cu-Zn Gas Diffusion Electrodes for CO ₂ Electroreduction to C ₂₊ Products at High Current Densities. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 16, 9135-9141 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016898
• Batchelor, T.A.A., Löffler, T., Xiao, B., Krysiak, O.A., Strotkötter, V., Pedersen, J.K., Clausen, C.M., Savan, A., Li, Y., Schuhmann, W., Rossmeisl, J., Ludwig, A. : Complex-Solid-Solution Electrocatalyst Discovery by Computational Prediction and High-Throughput Experimentation**. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 60, 13, 6932-6937 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202014374
• Löffler, T., Waag, F., Gökce, B., Ludwig, A., Barcikowski, S., Schuhmann, W.: Comparing the Activity of Complex Solid Solution Electrocatalysts Using Inflection Points of Voltammetric Activity Curves as Activity Descriptors. ACS Catalysis. 11, 3, 1014-1023 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03313
• Pittkowski, R., Divanis, S., Klementová, M., Nebel, R., Nikman, S., Hoster, H., Mukerjee, S., Rossmeisl, J., Krtil, P.: Engendering Unprecedented Activation of Oxygen Evolution via Rational Pinning of Ni Oxidation State in Prototypical Perovskite: Close Juxtaposition of Synthetic Approach and Theoretical Conception. ACS Catal. 11, 2, 985-997 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c04733
• Junge Puring, K., Siegmund, D., Timm, J., Möllenbruck, F., Schemme, S., Marschall, R., Apfel, U.-P. : Electrochemical CO ₂ Reduction: Tailoring Catalyst Layers in Gas Diffusion Electrodes. Adv. Sustainable Syst. 5, 1, 2000088 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.202000088
• Bapat, S., Kilian, S.O., Wiggers, H., Segets, D. : Towards a framework for evaluating and reporting Hansen solubility parameters: applications to particle dispersions. Nanoscale Adv. 3, 15, 4400-4410 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NA00405K
• Mercer, M.P., Peng, C., Soares, C., Hoster, H. E., Kramer, D.: Voltage hysteresis during lithiation/delithiation of graphite associated with meta-stable carbon stackings. J. Mater. Chem. A. 9, 1, 492-504 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1039/D0TA10403E
• junge Puring, K., Evers, O., Prokein, M., Siegmund, D., Scholten, F., Mölders, N., Renner, M., Roldan Cuenya, B., Petermann, M., Weidner, E., Apfel, U.-P. : Assessing the Influence of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide on the Electrochemical Reduction to Formic Acid Using Carbon-Supported Copper Catalysts. ACS Catal. 10, 21, 12783-12789 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c02983
• Exner, K.S. : A Universal Descriptor for the Screening of Electrode Materials for Multiple-Electron Processes: Beyond the Thermodynamic Overpotential. ACS Catal. 10, 21, 12607–12617 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c03865
• Lin, W., Greve, C., Härtner, S., Götz, K., Walter, J., Wu, M., Rechberger, S., Spiecker, E., Busch, S., Schmutzler, T., Avadhut, Y., Hartmann, M., Unruh, T., Peukert, W., Segets, D. : Unraveling Complexity: A Strategy for the Characterization of Anisotropic Core Multishell Nanoparticles. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 37, 11, 2000145 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.202000145
• Masa, J., Andronescu, C., Schuhmann, W.: Electrocatalysis as the Nexus for Sustainable Renewable Energy: The Gordian Knot of Activity, Stability, and Selectivity. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59, 36, 15298-15312 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202007672
• Bapat, S., Segets, D. : Sedimentation Dynamics of Colloidal Formulations through Direct Visualization: Implications for Fuel Cell Catalyst Inks. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 3, 8, 7384-7391 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsanm.0c01467
• Möller, S., Barwe, S., Dieckhöfer, S., Masa, J., Andronescu, C., Schuhmann, W.: Differentiation between Carbon Corrosion and Oxygen Evolution Catalyzed by Ni _x B/C Hybrid Electrocatalysts in Alkaline Solution using Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry. ChemElectroChem. 7, 12, 2680-2686 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202000697
• Siegmund, D., Blanc, N., Smialkowski, M., Tschulik, K., Apfel, U.-P. : Metal-Rich Chalcogenides for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: Activity of Electrodes and Bulk Materials. ChemElectroChem. 7, 7, 1514-1527 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201902125
• Löffler, T., Savan, A., Meyer, H., Meischein, M., Strotkötter, V., Ludwig, A., Schuhmann, W.: Design of Complex Solid-Solution Electrocatalysts by Correlating Configuration, Adsorption Energy Distribution Patterns, and Activity Curves. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 59, 14, 5844-5850 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201914666
• Reinhardt, E., Salaheldin, A.M., Distaso, M., Segets, D., Peukert, W.: Rapid Characterization and Parameter Space Exploration of Perovskites Using an Automated Routine. ACS Combinatorial Science. 22, 1, 6-17 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscombsci.9b00068
• Wiggers, H., Sehlleier, Y.H., Kunze, F., Xiao, L., Schnurre, S.M., Schulz, C. : Self-assembled nano-silicon/graphite hybrid embedded in a conductive polyaniline matrix for the performance enhancement of industrial applicable lithium-ion battery anodes. Solid State Ionics. 344, 115117 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssi.2019.115117
• Ludwig, A. : Discovery of new materials using combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput characterization of thin-film materials libraries combined with computational methods. npj Computational Materials. 5, 1, 70 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41524-019-0205-0
• Cychy, S., Hiltrop, D., Andronescu, C., Muhler, M., Schuhmann, W.: Operando Thin-Layer ATR-FTIR Spectroelectrochemical Radial Flow Cell with Tilt Correction and Borehole Electrode. Anal. Chem. 91, 22, 14323-14331 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02734
• Mahmoud, A.S., Segets, D. : Cleaning Matters! ACS Combinatorial Science. 21, 11, 722-725 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acscombsci.9b00122
• Li, Y., Liu, K., Foley, A.M., Zülke, A., Berecibar, M., Nanini-Maury, E., Van Mierlo, J., Hoster, H. E.: Data-driven health estimation and lifetime prediction of lithium-ion batteries: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 113, 109254 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109254
• Tarnev, T., Aiyappa, H.B., Botz, A., Erichsen, T., Ernst, A., Andronescu, C., Schuhmann, W.: Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy Investigation of Single ZIF-Derived Nanocomposite Particles as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Alkaline Media. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 58, 40, 14265-14269 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201908021
• O’Mara, P.B., Wilde, P., Benedetti, T.M., Andronescu, C., Cheong, S., Gooding, J.J., Tilley, R.D., Schuhmann, W.: Cascade Reactions in Nanozymes: Spatially Separated Active Sites inside Ag-Core-Porous-Cu-Shell Nanoparticles for Multistep Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Higher Organic Molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 36, 14093-14097 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b07310
• Alkan, B., Cychy, S., Varhade, S., Muhler, M., Schulz, C., Schuhmann, W., Wiggers, H., Andronescu, C. : Spray-Flame-Synthesized LaCo _{1− x} Fe _x O ₃ Perovskite Nanoparticles as Electrocatalysts for Water and Ethanol Oxidation. ChemElectroChem. 6, 16, 4266-4274 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900168
• Schneider, F., Suleiman, S., Menser, J., Borukhovich, E., Wlokas, I., Kempf, A., Wiggers, H., Schulz, C. : SpraySyn—A standardized burner configuration for nanoparticle synthesis in spray flames. Review of Scientific Instruments. 90, 8, 085108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5090232
• Masa, J., Piontek, S., Wilde, P., Antoni, H., Eckhard, T., Chen, Y., Muhler, M., Apfel, U.-P., Schuhmann, W.: Ni-Metalloid (B, Si, P, As, and Te) Alloys as Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts. Adv. Energy Mater. 1900796 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900796
• Löffler, T., Savan, A., Garzón-Manjón, A., Meischein, M., Scheu, C., Ludwig, A., Schuhmann, W.: Toward a Paradigm Shift in Electrocatalysis Using Complex Solid Solution Nanoparticles. ACS Energy Letters. 4, 5, 1206-1214 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b00531
• Chrystie, R.S.M., Janbazi, H., Dreier, T., Wiggers, H., Wlokas, I., Schulz, C. : Comparative study of flame-based SiO2 nanoparticle synthesis from TMS and HMDSO: SiO-LIF concentration measurement and detailed simulation. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 37, 1, 1221-1229 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.07.024
• Piontek, S., junge Puring, K., Siegmund, D., Smialkowski, M., Sinev, I., Tetzlaff, D., Roldan Cuenya, B., Apfel, U.-P. : Bio-inspired design: bulk iron-nickel sulfide allows for efficient solvent-dependent CO ₂ reduction. Chem. Sci. 10, 4, 1075-1081 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/C8SC03555E
• Schulz, C., Dreier, T., Fikri, M., Wiggers, H.: Gas-phase synthesis of functional nanomaterials: Challenges to kinetics, diagnostics, and process development. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 37, 1, 83-108 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.231
• Sellmann, J., Rahinov, I., Kluge, S., Jünger, H., Fomin, A., Cheskis, S., Schulz, C., Wiggers, H., Kempf, A., Wlokas, I.: Detailed simulation of iron oxide nanoparticle forming flames: Buoyancy and probe effects. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 37, 1, 1241-1248 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2018.06.041
• Löffler, T., Meyer, H., Savan, A., Wilde, P., Garzón Manjón, A., Chen, Y.-T., Ventosa, E., Scheu, C., Ludwig, A., Schuhmann, W.: Discovery of a Multinary Noble Metal-Free Oxygen Reduction Catalyst. Advanced Energy Materials. 8, 34, 1802269 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802269
• Garzón-Manjón, A., Meyer, H., Grochla, D., Löffler, T., Schuhmann, W., Ludwig, A., Scheu, C.: Controlling the Amorphous and Crystalline State of Multinary Alloy Nanoparticles in An Ionic Liquid. Nanomaterials. 8, 11, 903 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano8110903
• Antonopoulos, B.K., Maglia, F., Schmidt-Stein, F., Schmidt, J.P., Hoster, H. E.: Formation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase at Constant Potentials: A Model Study on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite. Batteries & Supercaps. 1, 3, 110-121 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/batt.201800029
• Süß, S., Sobisch, T., Peukert, W., Lerche, D., Segets, D. : Determination of Hansen parameters for particles: A standardized routine based on analytical centrifugation. Advanced Powder Technology. 29, 7, 1550-1561 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2018.03.018
• Bentley, C.L., Andronescu, C., Smialkowski, M., Kang, M., Tarnev, T., Marler, B., Unwin, P.R., Apfel, U.-P., Schuhmann, W.: Local Surface Structure and Composition Control the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Iron Nickel Sulfides. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 57, 15, 4093-4097 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201712679
• Antonopoulos, B.K., Stock, C., Maglia, F., Hoster, H. E.: Solid electrolyte interphase: Can faster formation at lower potentials yield better performance? Electrochimica Acta. 269, 331-339 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.007
• Xu, G.-L., Xiao, L., Sheng, T., Liu, J., Hu, Y.-X., Ma, T., Amine, R., Xie, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Ren, Y., Sun, C.-J., Heald, S.M., Kovacevic, J., Sehlleier, Y.H., Schulz, C., Mattis, W.L., Sun, S.-G., Wiggers, H., Chen, Z., Amine, K.: Electrostatic Self-Assembly Enabling Integrated Bulk and Interfacial Sodium Storage in 3D Titania-Graphene Hybrid. Nano Lett. 18, 1, 336-346 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04193
• Salaheldin, A.M., Walter, J., Herre, P., Levchuk, I., Jabbari, Y., Kolle, J.M., Brabec, C.J., Peukert, W., Segets, D. : Automated synthesis of quantum dot nanocrystals by hot injection: Mixing induced self-focusing. Chemical Engineering Journal. 320, 232-243 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.02.154
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